Page 540 - diccionario

538 538 TÉRMINOS DE NEGOCIOS
ingreso fijo/ fixed income: income which does
not change with the general price level.
When prices rise people with fixed income
are affected the most.
ingreso/ income: money or its equivalent
which has been generated or accumulated
resulting from the sale of goods or services.
ingresos brutos/ gross revenue: total income
received for the sale of goods or the
provision of services.
institución de crédito/ lending institution: a
financial enterprise which lends and makes
money by advancing money to others.
integración horizontal/ integration,
horizontal: the merging of a company with
others at the same production level in an
attempt to control the market.
integración vertical/ integration, vertical:
the merging of a company with others
participating in all the other stages of
manufacturing from raw materials to the
sale of finished products.
intensivo en mano de obra/ labor intensive:
describes the use of additional labor force
to increase production or profits.
intercambio, bolsa/ exchange: the exchange
of products; a place to negotiate securities
or commodities.
interés sobre préstamo/ loan interest: the
amount of money paid for the use of capital
or borrowed funds.
inundación del mercado con precios bajos/
dumping: selling products below the cost
to reduce surplus or to affect competition.
inversión neta/ net investment:the real
change in the value of productive assets
in a one year period, subtracting from
the gross investment the amount of
depreciation or the value of all the capital
which has been consumed.
inversión/ investment: the use of money for
the purpose to make more money to obtain
income or to increase the capital or both.
inversiones de capital/capital investments: a
collective term representing the amounts
invested in capital, fixed assets or long term
values, in contrast to those funds invested
in short term assets or securities.
juego comercial/business game: simulation
in which a real business situation is
represented.
junta directiva/board of directors:
individuals elected by the shareholders of a
corporation to administer the firm.
ley puritánica/blue law: any state or local
law restricting the commercial activity on
Sunday.
libre a bordo/ FOB freight (free) on board:
in international trade, a term indentifying
the point at which the buyer must cover
freight and other expenses of the products
to come.
libro mayor/ general ledger: the most
important accounting record reflecting all
business transactions in a firm.
liderazgo/ leadership: it is the exercise of
direction in a proper and responsible
manner.
liquidez/ liquidity: the solvency of a business
with respect to the velocity in which
assets may be converted into cash without
incurring in a loss.
macroeconomía/ macroeconomics: the study
of variables such as total consumption,
employment, government expenses,
investment and savings of the economy
as a whole rather than studying individual
economic units.
mano invisible/ invisible hand: a term used
by Adam Smith for the first time to describe
the possibility offered by the perfectly
competitive market to generate the most
and best benefit for everyone, even though
all merchants maximize their own profits
egoistically.
marca registrada/brand name: registered
name to avoid being copied.
margen de utilidad/ margin of profit:
operational income divided by revenue.
marginal/ marginal: a situation which is
characterized because certain variables had
the smallest possible increase or decrease.
mercado a futuro/ forward market: the claim
to sell or buy securities, foreign exchange
and others, at a fixed price in a specific date.
mercado al alza/bull market: market of
securities rising.
mercado de capitales/capital market: a place
or system in which the capital needs of a
business can be satisfied.
mercado libre/ free market: movement
without restrictions of products entering
and leaving the market without tariffs or
other commercial barriers.
mercado negro/black market: to buy or sell
goods or services or participating in the
exchange of foreign exchange in violation
of governmental restrictions.
mercados financieros/ financial markets: the
money and capital markets of an economy.
Short term credit instruments are bought
and sold in the money markets. In the
capital markets credit instruments and long
term stock are bought and sold.
mercancía comercial/ merchandise: acquired
commercial articles for sale. To plan and
promote the sale of goods.
métodos de flujo de efectivo descontado/
discounted cash flow methods: a technique
to budget capital expenditures taking into
account the time factor of money through
the comparison of discounted cash flows.
microeconomía/ microeconomics: the
study of the economic behavior of small
economic units such as the individual firm.
monetarista/ monetarist: some one who
believes in the concept that a balanced
economy depends on the money supply.
monopolio/ monopoly: exclusive control of
the supply and price of a product or service
by a producer or a seller.
negligencia/ negligence: in commercial
law it refers to not doing what a normal,
reasonable and prudent individual would
do. Reference has to be made as to the